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The middle bud, which is smaller and develops later, is a leaf-bud. The others are flower-buds. The leaf-scars are small, with three dots on each scar. The rings are very plain. The flower-cluster leaves a round scar in the leaf-axil, as in Cherry. The leaves are opposite and the tree branches freely.
The naked skeletons show I remember how I was more than ever struck by that dappled appearance of the bark of the balm: an olive-green, yellowish hue, ridged and spotted with the black of ancient, overgrown leaf-scars; there was actually something gay about it; these poplars are certainly beautiful winter trees. The aspens were different.
The buds that spring from the inner angle of the leaf with the stem are axillary buds; those that crown the stems are terminal. Since a bud is an undeveloped branch, terminal buds carry, on the axis which they crown, axillary buds give rise to side-shoots. The leaf-scars show the leaf-arrangement and the number of leaves each year.
What is the use of the wool and the gum? Where do the buds come on the stem? Which are the strongest? How are the leaves arranged on the stem? Do the pairs stand directly over each other? What are the dots on the leaf-scars? How old is your branch? How old is each twig? Which years were the best for growth? Where were the former flower-clusters?
A kind of cell, not strictly woody, is where many cells form long vessels by the breaking away of the connecting walls. These are ducts. These two kinds of cells are generally associated together in woody bundles, called therefore fibro-vascular bundles. We have already spoken of them as making the dots on the leaf-scars, and forming the strengthening fabric of the leaves.
The scales of the bud of Horsechestnut are considered to be homologous with petioles, by analogy with other members of the same family. In the Sweet Buckeye a series can be made, exhibiting the gradual change from a scale to a compound leaf. By Asa Gray. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Co., New York, 1879. Horsechestnut. I. Branch in winter state: a, leaf-scars; b, bud-scars; c, flower-scars. 2.
The calyx is bell-shaped, unequal, and lobed. The stamens and pistil can be seen. The flower-clusters do not seem to leave any mark which is distinguishable from the leaf-scar. American Elm. 1. Branch in winter state: a, leaf-scars; b, bud-scars; d, leaf-buds; e, flower-buds. 2. Branch, with staminate flower-buds expanding. 3. Same, more advanced. 4.
Portions of stems have been discovered which contain leaf-scars far larger than those referred to above, and we deduce from these fragments the fact that those individuals which have been found whole, are not by any means the largest of those which went to form so large a proportion of the ancient coal-forests.
In the case of the Sigillarioe, the variations in the leaf-scars in different parts of the trunk, the intercalation of new ridges at the surface representing that of new woody wedges in the axis, the transverse marks left by the stages of upward growth, all indicate that several years must have been required for the growth of stems of moderate size.
The flowers grow high upon the trees and towards the ends of the branches. The leaf-scars are round with many dots. The scar of the stipules is a continuous line around the stem, as in Magnolia. The leaf-buds are terminal, or in the axils of the upper leaves of the preceding year; the flower buds are axillary.
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