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The calyx is bell-shaped, unequal, and lobed. The stamens and pistil can be seen. The flower-clusters do not seem to leave any mark which is distinguishable from the leaf-scar. American Elm. 1. Branch in winter state: a, leaf-scars; b, bud-scars; d, leaf-buds; e, flower-buds. 2. Branch, with staminate flower-buds expanding. 3. Same, more advanced. 4.
They have many dots on them. From each leaf-scar runs an irregular line around the stem. This has been left by the stipules. The flower-scar is on the summit of the axis, and often apparently in the axil of a branch, as in Horsechestnut. Sometimes the nearest axillary bud is developed; sometimes there are two, when the branch forks.
The scales, being stipules, leave a line on each side of the leaf-scar, and these are separated by the growth of the internodes. In the Beech, the scales are also stipules; but, whereas in the Magnolia there are only one or two abortive leaves, in the Beech there are eight or nine pairs of stipules without any leaves at all.
Strong young shoots, especially those which come up from the root, are strongly angled, with three ridges running up into each leaf-scar, making them almost club-shaped. There are often from twenty to thirty leaves in one year's growth, in such shoots, and all the leaves are not rudimentary in the bud. The growth in this case is said to be indefinite.
The venation is very distinct. The outer leaves are smaller and, on examining the branch, it will be seen that their internodes do not make so large a growth as the leaves in the centre of the bud. Copper Beech. 1. Branch in winter state: a, leaf-scar; b, bud-scar. 2. The leaf-scars are small, soon becoming merely ridges running half round the stem.
It resembles the maguéy, though the leaves are not so broad, nor do they grow from the ground; the hennequín leaves are long, narrow, sharp-pointed, and rather thickly set upon a woody stalk that grows upright to a height of several feet. The leaves are trimmed off, from season to season, leaving the bare stalk, showing the leaf-scar. The upper leaves continue to grow.
The flower-cluster leaves a concave, semicircular scar, in the leaf-axil. Balm-of-Gilead. 1. Branch in winter state: a, leaf-scar; b, bud-scar. 2. Branch, with leaf-buds expanded. 3. The terminal buds are the strongest and not very many axillary buds develop, so that the tree has not fine spray. The leaf-arrangement is alternate, on the 2/5 plan.
This would be the case were it not for the fact that we have to pass twice around the stem in counting them, so that each leaf has twice as much room, or two-fifths of the circle, to itself. This is, therefore, the 2/5 arrangement. This can be shown by winding a thread around the stem, passing it over each leaf-scar.
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