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Yet rational influences are always invoked in explanation, even in the most recent works. Thus, in the General History of Messrs. Lavisse and Rambaud, we read the following explanation of the Reformation:

"To Barthelmy the painter, for making the cover of a pasty for the Count of Charolais to present to Monseigneur on the night of St. Gachard says that they placed at the top of their letter their titles of sheriffs and deans, as princes and lords take the title of their seignories. Chastellain, ii., 278. La Marche, ii., 313. Lavisse, Histoire de France, accepts 13,000 as the number slain.

HENRY IV, RICHELIEU, AND MAZARIN. Brief general accounts: H. O. Wakeman, The Ascendancy of France, 1598-1715 , ch. i-vii; Mary A. Hollings, Renaissance and Reformation, 1453-1660 , ch. xi, xii; J. H. Sacret, Bourbon and Vasa, 1610-1715 , ch. i-vii; A. J. Grant, The French Monarchy, 1483-1789, Vol. V, ch. vi-viii, Vol. VI, ch. i. More detailed works: Histoire de France, ed. by Ernest Lavisse, Vol.

Thiers, Mignet, Louis Blanc, Taine, and Lanfrey wrote on the Revolution or Napoleon. The most eminent of the newer school of scientific historians are Boissier, Sorel, Lavisse, Luchaire, and Aulard. Sainte-Beuve is only one of the foremost in the class of literary critics, in which are included Renan, Sarcey, Brunetiere, Lemaitre, Faguet, and others, themselves authors.

So died this wonderful and fascinating woman who had lived and laboured for her country through perhaps the most critical period of its history. Lavisse, Hist. de France, vol. iv. part 2, p. 229, footnote. It is impossible to entirely ignore what has been written to Agnes’s personal discredit, though much of it may well be looked upon as exaggeration, and open to suspicion.

II , ch. x-xvi; G. W. Kitchin, A History of France, Vol. More detailed treatments: Cambridge Modern History, Vol. V , ch. i-iii, vii-ix, xiii, xiv, Vol. VI , ch. iv-vi; Histoire generale, Vol. VI, ch. iii-v, vii-ix, xii-xvi, xx, Vol. VII, ch. i-iii; Histoire de France, ed. by Ernest Lavisse, Vols. XIII, The Age of Louis XIV, by Martin Philippson.

That unity of mankind, in loyal fellowship with Him in whose image man was made, is the community of which the ancient Stoic vaguely dreamed, and which the apostles of Christ proclaimed and predicted, the perfected kingdom of God. LITERATURE. See lists on pp. Political Growth in the Nineteenth Century; Lavisse et Rambaud. Hist Gen., Vols. Works on the History of Italy.

I have already cited a passage from the history of MM. Lavisse and Rambaud, in which the Reformation is explained as ``the result of the free individual reflections suggested to simple folk by an extremely pious conscience, and a bold and courageous reason. Such movements are never comprehended by those who imagine that their origin is rational.

Various pieces of information about social life may be gleaned from the decrees of Church Councils, Old High German and Anglo-Saxon charms and poems, and Aelfric's Colloquium, extracts from which are translated in Bell's Eng. Hist. J.E.W. Wallis . For a general sketch of the period see Lavisse Hist. de France, t.

As time passed, however, a class of men developed who were learned in Moslem theology and law. These ultimately became practically priests, though theoretically they should be regarded as theological lawyers. There also developed religious orders of dervishes, etc.; but primitive Islam knew nothing of them. From the article by Léon Cahun in Lavisse et Rambeaud, Histoire Générale, Vol.