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Into what an atmosphere we had fallen after our hard and dangerous trip along the Yenisei, through Urianhai, Mongolia, the lands of the Turguts, Kansu and Koko Nor! "Do you know," said my old friend to me, "I prefer strangling Partisans and fighting with the hunghutze to listening to news and more anxious news!"
How far these were prepared under the guidance of the Jesuit Fathers does not seem to be known. Kuldja and Kashgaria were next added to the empire, and Manchu supremacy was established in Tibet. Early in the eighteenth century, the Turguts, a branch of the Kalmuck Tartars, unable to endure the oppressive tyranny of their rulers, trekked into Russia, and settled on the banks of the Volga.
It is probable that about one hundred and sixty thousand Turguts set out on that long march, of whom only some seventy thousand reached their goal. These Dungans were Mahometan subjects of China, who in very early times had colonized, under the name of Gao-tchan, in Kansuh and Shensi, and subsequently spread westward into Turkestan.
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