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The principal one is this: The shores of the lakes being usually composed of sand, this is carried along by the shore-currents of the lake and deposited at the river-mouths.
The channels of these rivers have also a tendency to be deflected from their courses, on entering the lake, by the shore-currents, which, driven before the prevailing winds, bend the channel off at right angles, and, carrying it parallel with the lake-shore, form a long spit of sand between the river and the lake.
The portion of these cribs above water is found not to last more than ten or fifteen years; so that it is now recommended to replace them with piers of stone masonry, wherever the material is easy of access. As to the cause of the shore-currents which produce this mischief, Col. Graham says, in one of his Reports,
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