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Indeed, so much is he possessed by the literature of antiquity that in works like the Policraticus he can hardly write two lines together without a quotation from some classical author.
He was the staunchest upholder of the Papal Supremacy, which, after long struggles, was about to be established at its greatest height, before presiding at the opening of the most brilliant period of scholasticism. In the Policraticus especially, but also in his other works, the foundations and provisions of his moral system are found.
The eleventh and twelfth centuries witnessed a concerted effort by medieval scholars to apply "scientific" principles and human knowledge to the solution of social problems. We mentioned John of Salisbury's "Policraticus". It was an effort to map political functions and interactions into their human physiological equivalents. The king, for instance, was the brain of the body politic.
Lord Bryce, History of Roman Empire. Rashdall, Universities of Empire in the Middle Ages. Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages. W. P. Ker, Epic and Romance. Cicero, De Legibus, i. 10-12; and Seneca, De Beneficiis, iii. 18. Cf. Decretals, v. 39. 44, 28. Cf. Carlyle, Mediaeval Political Theory, vol. ii. pp. 244-9. Cf. John of Salisbury, Policraticus, iv. 1. Cf.
Bracton, De Legibus et Consuetudinibus, i. 8, 5. Cf. Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, c. Cf. John of Salisbury, Policraticus, iii. 15, viii. 17, 18, 20. Cf. C. C. J. Webb's edition of John of Salisbury's Policraticus, introduction. Cf. Gratian, Decretum, D. iv. c. 3.
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