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The council of Ephesus which destroyed Nestorius in 431, the council of Chalcedon which condemned Dioscorus in 451, seemed to be the important things, and one day we may come to think again, that on those great decisions, and not on the material defence, both military and economic, of the West, depended the future of the world.

But all intelligent men felt that social and economic reforms would be unstable unless an adequate political reform were made also. N., Ponthieu, A.P., v. 431.

Muller, however, though a good archaeologist, was not a runic scholar, and Professor George Stephens maintained* that not ornamentation merely, but a variety of other things must also be taken into consideration, and that these are often absolute and final, so that sometimes the object itself must date the ornamentation. Then Dr. * Old Northern Runic Monuments, Afterwrit, p. 431,

The future had in store at least two events which no human foresight could discover, and these proved the deciding factors in the conflict. The war began in 431 by a Theban attack on Plataea, the little town just over the Attic frontier which had been allied with Athens for nearly a century and protected her against invasion from the north.

She has a population, as per the latest census, of only 320,000-odd, and yet her varieties of religion indicate the presence within her borders of samples of people from pretty nearly every part of the globe you can think of. Tabulated, these varieties of religion make a remarkable show. One would have to go far to find its match. Total,.......................320,431

It became necessary for the Bishop to put down the devotion by special edicts, while the Medici endeavored to distract the minds of the people by tournaments and public shows. See Prato and Burigozzo, Arch. Stor. vol. iii. pp. 357, 431. It is here worth noticing that Siena, the city of civil discord, was also the city of frenetic piety.

The latter are manned by 2,431 instructors and have 31,803 students, or one student to every 151 of the population. France has 19,152 students in her professional and technical schools. There are fifteen institutions of higher learning in the University of France, with 180 professors and 12,695 students. These are under the control and patronage of the State.

Throughout England, many refused these loans; some were even active in encouraging their neighbors to insist upon their common rights and privileges. * Rushworth, vol. i. p. 419. Franklyn, p. 207. Rushworth, vol. i. p. 422. Franklyn, p. 208. * Rushworth, vol. i. p. 431. Rushworth, vol. i. p. 429. Franklyn, p. 210.

PURIFICATION the spiritual, of conjugial love may be compared to the purification of natural spirits, as effected by the chemists, 145. Wisdom purified may be compared with alcohol, which is a spirit highly rectified, 145. PURITY, the, of heaven is from conjugial love, 430. In like manner the purity of the church, 431.

Budæus adversus Erasmum, Fuchsius adversus Cornarium, Silvius adversus Vesalium, Nizolius adversus Maioragium: non tam credo justis contentionum causis, quam vanitate quadam et spe augendæ opinionis in hominibus." Opera, tom. i. p. 135. He writes in this strain in De Vita Propria, ch. xiv. p. 49, in De Varietate Rerum, p. 626, and in Geniturarum Exempla, p. 431.