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Origin of Sand Sand now Carried to the Sea Beach Sands of Northern Africa Sands of Egypt Sand Dunes and Sand Plains Coast Dunes Sand Banks Character of Dune Sand Interior Structure of Dunes Geological Importance of Dunes Dunes on American Coasts Dunes of Western Europe Age, Character, and Permanence of Dunes Dunes as a Barrier against the Sea Encroachments of the Sea Liimfjord Coasts of Schleswig-Holstein, Netherlands, and France Movement of Dunes Control of Dunes by Man Inland Dunes Inland Sand Plains.
The bottom of the Liimfjord was covered with a vigorous growth of aquatic plants, belonging both to fresh and to salt water, especially Zostera marina.
"It is very remarkable that the Zostera marina, a sea-plant, was destroyed even where no sand was deposited. This was probably in consequence of the sudden change from brackish to salt water ... It is well established that the Liimfjord communicated with the German Ocean at some former period.
If the Liimfjord becomes an open strait, the washing of sea-sand through it would perhaps block some of the belts and small channels now important for the navigation of the Baltic, and the direct introduction of a tidal current might produce very perceptible effects on the hydrography of the Cattegat.
At Agger, near the western end of the Liimfjord, in Jutland, the coast was washed away, between the years 1815 and 1839, at the rate of more than eighteen feet a year. The advance of the sea appears to have been something less rapid for a century before; but from 1840 to 1857, it gained upon the land no less than thirty feet a year. The Liimfjord.
The irruption of the sea into the fresh-water lagoon of Liimfjord in Jutland, in 1825 one of the most remarkable encroachments of the ocean in modern times is expressly ascribed to "mismanagement of the dunes" on the narrow neck of land which separated the fjord from the North Sea. Andresen's work, though printed in 1861, was finished in 1859.
"This breach," says Forchhammer, "which converted the Liimfjord into a sound, and the northern part of Jutland into an island, occasioned remarkable changes. The first and most striking phenomenon was the sudden destruction of almost all the fresh-water fish previously inhabiting this lagoon, which was famous for its abundant fisheries.
The Liimfjord was doubtless originally an open channel from the Atlantic to the Baltic between two islands, but the sand washed up by the sea blocked up the western entrance, and built a wall of dunes to close it more firmly.
In the remarkable gulf of Liimfjord in Jutland, referred to in the preceding chapter, nature has given a singular example of a canal which she alternately opens as a marine strait, and, by abutting again, converts into a fresh-water lagoon.
On the Spit of Agger, at the present outlet of the Liimfjord, Andresen found the quantity during ten years, on a beach about five hundred and seventy feet broad, equal to an annual deposit of an inch and a half over the whole surface. Om Klitformationen, p. 56.
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