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Our newly discovered text from Nippur was also written at about that period, probably before 2100 B.C. But the composition itself, apart from the tablet on which it is inscribed, must go back very much earlier than that. For instead of being composed in Semitic Babylonian, the text is in Sumerian, the language of the earliest known inhabitants of Babylonia, whom the Semites eventually displaced.
This is Tolstoi's conception of the man who is to the Aryan race what Hannibal is to the Semitic its crowning glory in war. Consider in contrast with this the attitude towards war of a thinker, a visionary, not less great than Tolstoi Carlyle.
Even when slavery for both the Aryan and Semitic races ended, two orders still faced each other: aristocracy on the one side, claiming the fruits of labor; the freeman on the other, rebelling against injustice, and forming secret unions for his own protection, the beginning of the co-operative principle in action. Thus much for the Greek. Turn now to the second great civilization, the Roman.
The half-castes in Eastern Africa are represented principally by the Abyssinians, Gallas, Somals, and Kafirs. The first-named people derive their descent from Menelek, son of Solomon by the Queen of Sheba: it is evident from their features and figures, too well known to require description, that they are descended from Semitic as well as Hamitic progenitors.
The Kheta, or Hittites, were certainly not Semites, yet the Hyksos names are definitely Semitic. Yet this may have been the case; for the First Dynasty of Babylon, to which the famous Hammurabi belonged, was very probably of Arab origin, to judge by the forms of some of the royal names.
And I am not sure that he didn't get a peep at the mysterious paper, in spite of the inspector's precautions." "By the way," I said, "what do you make of the document?" "A cipher, most probably," he replied. "It is written in the primitive Semitic alphabet, which, as you know, is practically identical with primitive Greek.
+51+. In the popular faith of the Semitic, Egyptian, Chinese, and Indo-European peoples there is no sign of an extinction of the personality after earthly death. True, its life is a colorless one, without achievement, without hope, and without religious worship; yet it has the marks of personality.
There is undoubtedly a basis for what Renan was pleased to call, "the Semitic genius for religion." It is a truly significant fact that the three great conquering religions of the world, Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism, sprang from Semitic soil. To this might be added the religion of Babylonia, which, was unquestionably the noblest of early antiquity.
And had the Christian church lived up to the letter of this Semitic teacher, Europe would never have embraced Christianity.
It is unfortunate that the ends of all the lines in this column are wanting, but enough remains to show a close correspondence of the first two lines quoted with a passage in the Gilgamesh Epic where Ishtar is described as lamenting the destruction of mankind. This will be seen more clearly by printing the two couplets in parallel columns: SUMERIAN VERSION SEMITIC VERSION Gilg. Epic, XI, l. 117 f.
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