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Its structure shows it to consist of the remains of the stems and leaves of plants, reduced a little more than their carbon. Again, some of the coal is made up of the crushed and flattened bark, or outer coat, of the stems of plants, the inner wood of which has completely decayed away.
The process of carbonizing the delicate fabrics, leaves, grasses, etc., is as follows: The objects are placed in a cast iron box, the bottom of which is covered with a layer of powdered charcoal or other form of carbon, then another layer of carbon dust is sprinkled over them, and the box is covered with a close fitting lid.
Carbon united, in a particular proportion, to oxygen, forms carbonic acid; and carbonic acid united, in a particular proportion, to lime, forms limestone. Hydrogen united to oxygen forms water. Each of these two gases is invisible alone, but when they meet and mingle they form a liquid. Nitrogen united to oxygen and to a small quantity of carbonic acid gas forms our atmosphere.
The purpose now is to oxidize the carbon, too, without reducing the phosphorus and sulphur and causing them to return to the iron. We want the pure iron to begin crystallizing out of the bath like butter from the churning buttermilk. More and more of the carbon gas comes out of the puddle, and as it bubbles out the charge is agitated by its escape and the "boil" is in progress.
Give back this starch-sugar into the hands of Nature once more by putting it into certain other conditions, and a new process begins in it. Alcohol, that other combustible we talked about, and which burns even better than sugar and starch, since in a hundred ounces it contains as follows: Ounces. Carbon 53 Hydrogen 13 Oxygen 34 100 All this astonishes you.
Air taken in or sent out in respiration; that breathed out containing carbon dioxid, watery vapor, and various impurities. The two main branches of the trachea. These branch into numerous smaller branches, called the bron'chi al tubes. Car'bon di ox'id.
That this pure carbon may have been of organic origin before metamorphism has naturally been conjectured. Eozoon Canadense, Daw. Oldest known organic body. Eozoon Canadense, Daw. Oldest known organic body. a. Chambers of lower tier communicating at +, and separated from adjoining chambers at o by an intervening septum, traversed by passages. b. Chambers of an upper tier. c.
It must be in organized matter. You might pound your wedding-diamonds for carbon, you might give water from Jordan for oxygen and hydrogen, and the snow-flakes of the Jungfrau might serve the nitrogen for Leander's dinners, but, because these are not organized, Leander's cheek would pale, and his teeth shake in their sockets, and his muscles dwindle to packthreads, as William Augustus's do in the Slovenly-Peter books, and he would die before your eyes, Hero!
The more unwieldy portions of an engine may be case hardened by prussiate of potash a salt made from animal substances, composed of two atoms of carbon and one of nitrogen, and which operates on the same principle as the charcoal. The iron is heated in the fire to a dull red heat, and the salt is either sprinkled upon it or rubbed on in a lump, or the iron is rubbed in the salt in powder.
For the process of combining iron with carbon for the production of steel, Mr. Mushet took out a patent in November, 1800; and many years after, when he had discovered the beneficial effects of oxide of manganese on steel, Mr.
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