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"There is not a flower," says another, "that I have seen in Galilee, or on the plains along the coast, that I do not find on Carmel, still the fragrant, lovely mountain that he was of old." The geological structure of Carmel is, in the main, what is called "the Jura formation," or "the upper oolite" a soft white limestone, with nodules and veins of flint.
The Agricultural College at Cirencester, of which you have so often heard, lies thereaway, a few miles to our left; and there lads go to learn to farm as no men in the world, save English and Scotch, know how to farm. But what rock are we on now? On rock that is much softer than that on the other side of the oolite hills: much softer, because it is much newer.
From Norman times it was used in the more important parts of the Abbey, as is shown in the foundations of the great tower now exposed to view, and in Abbot Reginald's gateway. But the oolite stone could not be got much nearer than Broadway, and what was used by the monks in all probability came from the hill above that village.
In England, a long stripe, extending from Yorkshire to Kent, presents the cretaceous beds upon the surface, generally lying conformably upon the oolite, and in many instances rising into bold escarpments towards the west. The celebrated cliffs of Dover are of this formation. It extends into northern France, and thence north-westward into Germany, whence it is traced into Scandinavia and Russia.
Its clear waters pass from the oolite of the Cotswolds, by the blue lias and its fossils, the sandstone rock at Clifton Hampden, the gravels of Wittenham, the great chalk range of the downs, the greensand, the Reading Beds, to the geological pie of the London Basin, and the beds of drifts and brick earth in which lie bedded the frames and fragments of its prehistoric beasts.
Thecosmilia annularis, Milne Edwards and J. Haime. Thamnastraea. Coral Rag. One of the limestones of the Middle Oolite has been called the "Coral Rag," because it consists, in part, of continuous beds of petrified corals, most of them retaining the position in which they grew at the bottom of the sea.
But we recognise the reality of the last-mentioned influence, when we contrast the whole oolitic series of England with that of parts of the Jura, Alps, and other distant regions, where, although there is scarcely any lithological resemblance, yet some of the same fossils remain peculiar in each country to the Upper, Middle, and Lower Oolite formations respectively. Mr.
Gault: 0. Wealden: 0. Upper Purbeck Oolite : 0. Middle Purbeck Oolite : 14 Swanage. Lower Purbeck Oolite: 0. Portland Oolite: 0. Kimmeridge Clay: 0. Coral Rag: 0. Oxford Clay: 0. Great Oolite: 4 Stonesfield. Inferior Oolite: 0. Lias: 0. Upper Trias: 4 Wurtemberg, Somersetshire. N. Carolina. Middle Trias: 0. Lower Trias: 0. Permian: 0. Carboniferous : 0. Devonian: 0. Silurian: 0. Cambrian: 0.
Old Red Sandstone Foetal: 1st month, that of an avertebrated animal; Carboniferous formation Foetal: 2nd month, that of a fish; New Red Sandstone Foetal: 3rd month, that of a turtle; New Red Sandstone Foetal: 4th month, that of a bird; Oolite Cretaceous formation Lower Eocene Lower Eocene Lower Eocene Foetal: 5th month, that of a rodent; Lower Eocene Foetal: 6th month, that of a ruminant;
By this means the German, French, and English geologists have determined the succession of strata throughout a great part of Europe, and have adopted pretty generally the following groups, almost all of which have their representatives in the British Islands. GREAT or BATH OOLITE. JURASSIC. SECONDARY OR MESOZOIC. NEOZOIC. RECENT. Shells and mammalia, all of living species.
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