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The French government, distrustful of the regent who was also the next claimant for the Scottish throne, induced him to resign his office, for which he received in return the empty title of Duke of Châtelherault, and Mary of Guise undertook the government of Scotland for her infant daughter.
She accuses the Duke Chatelherault the head of the Hamiltons, the next heir to the throne of treasonable proceedings, and he vindicates himself by sound of trumpet at the Cross of Edinburgh.
Peers of England cannot bear foreign titles; there are, nevertheless, exceptions; thus Henry Arundel, Baron Arundel of Wardour, was, as well as Lord Clifford, a Count of the Holy Roman Empire, of which Lord Cowper is a prince. The Duke of Hamilton is Duke of Chatelherault, in France; Basil Fielding, Earl of Denbigh, is Count of Hapsburg, of Lauffenberg, and of Rheinfelden, in Germany.
The fatal French marriage of her daughter was a natural step, at a moment when Scottish independence could only be maintained by help of France. Had she left the Regency in the hands of Chatelherault, that is, of Archbishop Hamilton, the prelate was not the man to put down Protestantism by persecution, and so save the situation.
The Reformer continued to revise and interpolate his work, up to 1571, the year before his death, and made collections of materials, and notes for the continuation. These events brought together Moray, Chatelherault, and many of the Lords in the armed party of the Congregation. They rebelled; they were driven by Mary into England, by October 1565, and Bothwell came at her call from France.
Moray especially hated Ruthven "for his sorcery"; the superstitious Moray affected the Queen with this ill opinion of one of the elect in the affair of Riccio's murder so useful to the cause of Knox. But Lethington was at that time confuting Lennox's argument that the Hamilton chief, Chatelherault, was illegitimate.
The Regent, being of the house of Guise, was a foreigner, like her brothers in France. The "native princes" were Chatelherault and his eldest son, Arran. The leaders, soon after Lord James and Argyll formally joined the zealous brethren, saw that without foreign aid their enterprise was desperate.
The Scots improved on this suggestion, and proposed that Elizabeth should marry the Earl of Arran, the eldest son of the Duke of Chatelherault, who might succeed to the throne.
Mary seemed triumphant, but the men with her Lethington, and Morton the Chancellor were disaffected; Darnley was mutinous: he thought himself neglected; he and his father resented Mary's leniency to Chatelherault, who had submitted and been sent to France; all parties hated Riccio. There was to be a Parliament early in March 1566.
Border raids began; d'Oysel fortified Eyemouth, as a counterpoise to Berwick, war was declared in November, and the discontented Scots, such as Chatelherault, Huntly, Cassilis, and Argyll, mutinied and refused to cross Tweed. Thus arose a breach between the Regent and some of her nobles, who at last, in 1559, rebelled against her on the ground of religion.
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