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A syrup and jelly of the fruit, and mucilage of the seeds, used to be kept in the shops. QUEROUS pedunculata. OAK. Bark. L. E. D. This bark is a strong astringent; and hence stands recommended in haemorrhagies, alvine fluxes, and other preternatural or immoderate secretions. RHAMNUS catharticus. BUCKTHORN. Berries.
Of the twenty-eight spontaneous varieties of Q. Robur, which De Candolle recognizes, all but six, he remarks, fall naturally under the three sub-species, pedunculata, sessiliflora, and pubescens, and are therefore forms grouped around these as centres; and, moreover, the few connecting forms are by no means the most common.
Still more widely cultivated is the shrub called Cephalotaxus pedunculata fastigiata, and more commonly known under its old name of Podocarpus koraiana. It is a low shrub, with broadly linear leaves of a clear green. In the species the leaves are arranged in two rows, one to the left and one to the right of the horizontally growing and widely spreading branches.
Weeping varieties of ashes were found wild in England and in Germany, and broom-like oaks, Quercus pedunculata fastigiata, are recorded from Hessen-Darmstadt, Calabria, the Pyrenees and other localities. About the real origin of all these varieties nothing is definitely known. The "single-leaved" strawberry is a variety often seen in botanical gardens, as it is easily propagated by its runners.
The other species which are distinctly characterized are L. pedunculata, L. viridis, L. dentata, L. heterophylla, L. pyrenaica, L. pinnata, L. coronopifolia, L. abrotonoides, L. Lawii, and L. multifida. The L. multifida is synonymous with L. Burmanii. In Spain the therapeutic properties of L. dentata are alleged to be even more marked than in the oils of any of the other species of lavender.
Quercus Robur offers a familiar illustration of the manner in which one form may in the course of time become separated into two or more distinct ones. To Linnaeus this common oak of Europe was all of one species. But of late years the greater number of European botanists have regarded it as including three species, Q. pedunculata, Q. sessiliflora, and Q. pubescens.
Just as we come to know them better, intermediate forms flow in, and doubts as to specific limits augment." He also adds that it is the best known species which present the greatest number of spontaneous varieties and sub-varieties. Thus Quercus robur has twenty-eight varieties, all of which, excepting six, are clustered round three sub-species, namely Q. pedunculata, sessiliflora and pubescens.
From Korshinsky's survey of varieties with cut leaves or laciniate forms the following cases may be quoted. In the year 1830 a nurseryman named Jacques had sown a large lot of elms, Ulmus pedunculata. One of the seedlings had cut leaves. He multiplied it by grafting and gave it to the trade under the name of U. pedunculata urticaefolia. It has since been lost.
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