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The lady of the day of the early thirteenth century has been well described by Luchaire in his scholarly study of French Society in the time of Philip Augustus.
Altogether, Luchaire is of the opinion that many such federations must have come into existence in France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but that documents relative to them are mostly lost.
It is even certain that Moscow and Paris were chosen by the kings and the Church as the cradles of the future royal authority in the State, because they did not possess the tradition of folkmotes accustomed to act as sovereign in all matters. A. Luchaire, Les Communes francaises; also Kluckohn, Geschichte des Gottesfrieden, 1857.
Green for this country, Augustin Thierry, Michelet, and Luchaire for France, Kaufmann, Janssen, W. Arnold, and even Nitzsch, for Germany, Leo and Botta for Italy, Byelaeff, Kostomaroff, and their followers for Russia, and many others, have fully told that tale.
She might even go to the Crusades on her own account, and, if circumstances required, conduct a war to come out victoriously. We may imagine the robust kind of education required to produce people of this quality. But as regards the precise way in which parents conducted that education, we have, as Luchaire admits, little precise knowledge.
Thierry in Considerations sur l'histoire de France, p. 196, ed. 12mo. A. Luchaire, Les Communes francaises, pp, 45-46. Guilbert de Nogent, De vita sua, quoted by Luchaire, l.c., p. 14. Lebret, Histoire de Venise, i. 393; also Marin, quoted by Leo and Botta in Histoire de l'Italie, French edition, 1844, t. i 500. Dr.
It is under the form of chartered towns, not communes, that the importance of the boroughs in English commercial and public life continued to increase in the thirteenth as it had in the twelfth century. Ralph de Diceto, ii, 113. Roger of Howden, iv. 46. Round, The Commune of London. Luchaire, Communes Francaises, 97. Articles of the Barons, c. 32; Stubbs, Select Charters, 393.
Thiers, Mignet, Louis Blanc, Taine, and Lanfrey wrote on the Revolution or Napoleon. The most eminent of the newer school of scientific historians are Boissier, Sorel, Lavisse, Luchaire, and Aulard. Sainte-Beuve is only one of the foremost in the class of literary critics, in which are included Renan, Sarcey, Brunetiere, Lemaitre, Faguet, and others, themselves authors.
For the early peasants' guilds and subsequent unions see R. Wilman's "Die landlichen Schutzgilden Westphaliens," in Zeitschrift fur Kulturgeschichte, neue Folge, Bd. iii., quoted in Henne-am-Rhyn's Kulturgeschichte, iii. 249. Luchaire, p. 149. Two important cities, like Mainz and Worms, would settle a political contest by means of arbitration.
Similar federations were organized for the same purpose among small villages, and now that attention has been drawn to this subject by Luchaire we may expect soon to learn much more about them. Villages joined into small federations in the contado of Florence, so also in the dependencies of Novgorod and Pskov.
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