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The first had been undertaken in 1868 under Koldeway and Petermann, but when the Germania returned another expedition on a larger scale the Hansa under Koldeway, and the sister vessel under Hegemann proceeded with all the necessary equipment from Bremen on the 15th of June, 1869, and on the 5th of July crossed the Arctic circle, where similar ceremonies to those practised when the "line" is crossed, were performed.
Koldeway, began excavations on a large scale and with systematic care. The mound Babil is thought to be the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II. An inscription reads: "On the brick wall towards the north my heart inspired me to build a palace for the protecting of Babylon. I built there a palace, like the palace of Babylon, of brick and bitumen."
"Many ancient restorations were carried out here. Professor Koldeway found inscriptions of Esarhaddon and Sardanapalus and thereafter inscriptions of Babylonian Kings. Herodotus calls the group of buildings 'the brazen-doored sanctuary of Zeus Below, and he describes the zigurrat as a temple-tower in eight stages.
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