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For higher cost of living in the East, see Chirol, Indian Unrest, pp. 2-3; Fisher, India's Silent Revolution, pp. 46-60; Jones, op. cit.; T. T. Williams, "Inquiry into the Rise of Prices in India," Economic Journal, December, 1915. Brown, op. cit. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the population of India is roughly estimated to have been about 100,000,000.
In Egypt we have already seen how an amicable arrangement between Lord Milner and the Egyptian nationalist leaders was facilitated by the latter's fear of the social revolutionary agitators who were inflaming the fellaheen. In India, Sir Valentine Chirol noted as far back as the spring of 1918 how Russia's collapse into Bolshevism had had a "sobering effect" on Indian public opinion.
A good symposium of extremist comment is contained in Chirol, supra. A good sample of extremist literature is the fairly well-known pamphlet India's "Loyalty" to England . Discussed in the preceding chapter. Lord Sydenham, "India," Contemporary Review, November, 1918. Sir V. Chirol, "India in Travail," Edinburgh Review, July, 1918.
The infinite complexity of this struggle as it appears in India is well summarized by Sir Valentine Chirol when he speaks of the many "currents and cross-currents of the confused movement which is stirring the stagnant waters of Indian life the steady impact of alien ideas on an ancient and obsolescent civilization; the more or less imperfect assimilation of those ideas by the few; the dread and resentment of them by those whose traditional ascendancy they threaten; the disintegration of old beliefs, and then again their aggressive revival; the careless diffusion of an artificial system of education, based none too firmly on mere intellectualism, and bereft of all moral or religious sanction; the application of Western theories of administration and of jurisprudence to a social formation stratified on lines of singular rigidity; the play of modern economic forces upon primitive conditions of industry and trade; the constant and unconscious but inevitable friction between subject races and their alien rulers; the reverberation of distant wars and distant racial conflicts; the exaltation of an Oriental people in the Far East."
Some, like Sir William Willcocks and Sir Valentine Chirol, stated that extensive concessions must be made. Other qualified observers asserted that concessions would be weakness and would spell disaster.
And Sir Valentine Chirol stated in the London Times: "We are now admittedly face to face with the ominous fact that for the first time since the British occupation large numbers of the Egyptian fellaheen, who owe far more to us than does any other class of Egyptians, have been worked up into a fever of bitter discontent and hatred.
Chirol, op. cit., pp 321-322. Bertrand, op. cit., p 39. Cromer, op. cit., Vol. II., p. 231. Ibid., p. 228. E. J. Dillon, "Persia," Contemporary Review, June, 1910. Ramsay Muir, "Europe and the Non-European World," The New Europe, June 28, 1917. For a full discussion of these changes in Western ideas, see my Rising Tide of Colour against White World-Supremacy, especially chaps. vi. and vii.
Sir M. McIlwraith, "Egyptian Nationalism," Edinburgh Review, July, 1919. See also Hon. W. Ormsby-Gore, "The Future in Egypt," New Europe, November 6, 1919. For unfortunate aspects of this delay, see Sir Valentine Chirol, "Conflicting Policies in the East," New Europe, July 1, 1920.
A good summary interpretation is found in M. Glotz, "Le Mouvement 'Swadeshi' dans l'Inde," Revue du Mois, July, 1913. Sir T. Morison, The Economic Transition in India, pp. 240-241. Also see Sir Valentine Chirol, Indian Unrest, pp. 255-279; William Archer, India and the Future, pp. 131-157. Good examples are found in the writings of Mukerjee and Lajpat Rai, already quoted.
Fisher, pp. 51-52. Bertrand, p. 141. Sir V. Chirol, "England's Peril in Egypt," from the London Times, 1919. See Bertrand and Fisher, supra. Unrest is the natural concomitant of change particularly of sudden change.
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