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In the tenth century there appears a Marquis Oberto who was first a retainer of King Berengar and later of Otto the Great. It is not known from what domain he and his immediate successors derived their title of marquis; they were, however, powerful lords in Lombardy as well as in Tuscany.
Hildebrand entered the service of Gregory VI, whom he followed into exile. On his master's death in 1048 Hildebrand retired to Cluny. Hence he was drawn once more back to Rome by Pope Leo IX. From this moment his rise was continuous. Leo made him a Cardinal and gave him the charge of the papal finances. In 1054 he sent him as legate to France in order to deal with the heresy of Berengar of Tours.
From his chair of theology at Oxford, in 1381, Wyclif attacked what Lanfranc and Anselm and the doctors of the Church had uniformly and strenuously defended. His views of the eucharist were substantially those which Archbishop Berengar had advanced three hundred years before, and of course drew down upon him the censure of the Church.
Margaret, daughter of Raimond Berengar IV, Count of Provence. | + 2, PHILIP III, 1270-1285, | m. 1, Isabella, daughter | of James I of Aragon. | | | + PHILIP IV, 1285-1314, | | m. Margaret, daughter | of Charles II of Naples. | | | + PHILIP VI, succeeded 1328. | + Robert, Count of Clermont, founder of the house of Bourbon. WILLIAM I, 1066-1087, m. St.
Berengar fled, the Dukes made peace with their suzerain, and Otto was free to dispose of the Italian kingdom . It is possible that, if the opportunity had been forthcoming, he would at once have proceeded to Rome for an imperial coronation.
But he gained the favour of Hildebrand, who was then at Tours in 1054 as papal legate, and was content with the admission "panem atque vinum altaris post consecrationem esse corpus et sanguis Christi"; and relying on his protection Berengar went to Rome . Here, however, his opponents forced him to sign a confession in conformity with the materialistic view.
It was not until the thirteenth century that the Church had to face that spirit of scepticism or anti-religious feeling which is the chief bug-bear of modern Christianity. Her elaborate organisation and the gradual development of her own dogmatic position enabled her to deal with individual writers of a speculative turn like Berengar or Abailard. Nor were these in any sense anti-Christian.
Eleanor, daughter of | Raymond Berengar IV of | Provence. | | | + EDWARD I, succeeded 1272. | + Adela, m. Stephen, Count of Blois. | + STEPHEN, 1135-1154. m. Maud, daughter of Malcolm Canmore and St. Margaret. The emperors, the heads of the Holy Roman Empire, were the chief secular rulers in the Middle Ages, and were in theory the sovereigns of Christendom.
After some hesitation he decided, instead of himself assuming the unprofitable duties of an Italian King, to restore Berengar on condition of a renewal of homage. Perhaps the arrangement was intended to be temporary. Otto was still menaced by conspiracies in Germany; and Berengar might serve to guard Italy against ambitious Dukes, until the hands of his overlord were free for Italian adventures.
Again Berengar repudiated the forced confession; and Gregory only obtained peace for him until his death in 1088, by threatening with anathema any who molested him. Berengar's objections to the doctrine of Paschasius were shared by all the mystics, who held a more spiritual belief. Thus, St.
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