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BIBLIOGRAPHY. Tyler, Primitive Culture; Frazer, Golden Bough; Id. on Burial Customs in J.A. I. xv.; Mannhardt, Baumkultus; G.A. Wilken, Het Animisme; Koch on the animism of S. America in Internationales Archiv, xiii., Suppl.; Andrew Lang, Making of Religion; Skeat, Malay Magic; Sir G. Campbell, "Spirit Basis of Belief and Custom," in Indian Antiquary, xxiii. and succeeding volumes; Folklore, iii. 289. xi. 162; Spencer, Principles of Sociology; Mind , 141, 415 et seq.
L. Strackerjan, op. cit. ii. p. 43, §313. W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus p. 508. The two latter writers only state that before the fires were kindled it was customary to hunt squirrels in the woods. A. Kuhn, l.c.; W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, p. 508. See above, pp. 116 sq., 119. Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, iii. 357. F. Panzer, op. cit. ii. pp. 78 sq., §§ 114, 115.
In addition to the books cited in this chapter, we may mention C. Bötticher, Der Baumkultus der Hellenen, 1856. J. Ferguson, Tree and Serpent Worship, 1868. J. Ferguson, Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries, 1872. J. G. Fraser, Totemism and Exogamy, 4 vols. 1910. An immense collection of material on the subject of totemism, with fresh conclusions as to the origin and meaning of the system.
But in Mecklenburg, Pomerania, and probably elsewhere, villages have their own local Blocksberg, which is generally a hill or open place in the neighbourhood; a number of places in Pomerania go by the name of the Blocksberg. L. Lloyd, op. cit. pp. 261 sq. I.V. Zingerle, op. cit. p. 159, §§ 1353, 1355, 1356; W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, p. 513. W. Mannhardt, l.c. Th. The Dying God, p. 262.
In the following survey of these fire-customs I follow chiefly W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, kap. vi. pp. 497 sqq. The Scapegoat, pp. 316 sqq. For the loan of this work I am indebted to Mrs. Wherry of St. Peter's Terrace, Cambridge. É. Hublard, op. cit. pp. 27 sq. The local name for these bonfires is bures. In Bresse the custom was similar.
H. Gaidoz, "Le dieu gaulois du soleil et le symbolisme de la roue," Revue Archéologique, iii. série, iv. pp. 139 sq. Compare W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, p. 501; and below, pp. 163 sq. Thus it appears that the ceremony of rolling the fiery wheel down hill was observed twice a year at Konz, once on the first Sunday in Lent, and once at Midsummer. See The Dying God, p. 239.
W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, p. 499. W. Mannhardt, op. cit. pp. 498 sq. W. Mannhardt, op. cit. p. 499. The ecclesiastical custom of lighting the Paschal or Easter candle is very fully described by Mr. These candles were sometimes of prodigious size; in the cathedrals of Norwich and Durham, for example, they reached almost to the roof, from which they had to be lighted.
The customs observed at these places and at Althenneberg are described together by W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, p. 505. The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 349 sqq. See further below, vol. ii. pp. 298 sqq. J.W. Wolf, Beiträge sur deutschen Mythologie, i. 75 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus, p. 506.
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